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Movements
  1. 01 Requiem aeternamEternal rest Introit4–5 min
  2. 02 Kyrie eleisonLord, have mercy 2.5–3 min
  3. 03 Dies iraeDay of wrath Sequence2 min
  4. 04 Tuba mirumThe trumpet 3–3.5 min
  5. 05 Rex tremendaeKing of fearful majesty 2 min
  6. 06 RecordareRemember 5–6 min
  7. 07 ConfutatisThe accursed 2.5 min
  8. 08 LacrimosaTearful day 3 min
  9. 09 Domine JesuLord Jesus Christ Offertory3.5–4 min
  10. 10 HostiasSacrifices and prayers 4 min
  11. 11 SanctusHoly 1.5–2 min
  12. 12 BenedictusBlessed 5 min
  13. 13 Agnus DeiLamb of God 3–3.5 min
  14. 14 Lux aeternaEternal light Communion5–6 min
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Myth or fact · 20 questions

Which of this is true?

Poison, a mysterious messenger in grey, a requiem for himself. For two hundred years these stories have been retold as facts. So what really happened?

01/ 20The commission

Who commissioned the Requiem?

Count Walsegg, anonymously and through an intermediary, in memory of his wife Anna, who died at twenty.

02/ 20The commission

The Requiem was commissioned anonymously, through an intermediary.

Fact

The patron was Count Franz von Walsegg. He wanted a mass in memory of his wife Anna, who had died in February 1791 at twenty, and he had a habit of buying other people's music to pass off as his own. So the letter and the money came through an intermediary, and Mozart most likely never knew the count's name.

Source: Anton Herzog's memoir, 1839; NMA critical report.

03/ 20The last weeks

Which opera did Mozart write in the same year, 1791?

The Magic Flute, premiered on 30 September 1791. The same year also brought La clemenza di Tito for Prague.

04/ 20The last weeks

Mozart believed he was writing the requiem for his own death.

Not proven

That is how Constanze told it, and how the biographer Niemetschek wrote it down in 1798, seven years after the death. There is no other witness. The 'grey messenger' who keeps returning to remind him of the commission comes from the same source. A fine story, but there is no way to check it.

Source: Niemetschek, Life of Mozart, 1798.

05/ 20The last weeks

How old was Mozart when he died?

Thirty-five. He was born on 27 January 1756 and died on 5 December 1791.

06/ 20The last weeks

The day before he died, Mozart sang the Requiem with friends and wept at the Lacrimosa.

Not proven

The singer Benedikt Schack told the story in 1827, thirty-six years later. On 4 December, he said, Mozart, Schack, Hofer and Gerl sang through the finished movements, and at the Lacrimosa Mozart put the music aside. It is the only source, and a late one. It may be true, or a memory that changed over the years.

Source: Schack's obituary, Allgemeine musikalische Zeitung, 1827.

07/ 20The last weeks

Salieri poisoned Mozart.

Myth

There is no evidence. The physician recorded the cause of death as 'severe miliary fever', which in the language of the time meant a high fever with a rash. Rumours of poisoning went round Vienna in the 1820s, and the elderly Salieri denied them. The story spread widely through Pushkin's short play Mozart and Salieri (1830), then Shaffer's play and the film Amadeus (1984).

Source: Vienna death register, 5 December 1791; Pushkin, 1830; Shaffer, 1979.

08/ 20The last weeks

Mozart's Requiem was performed at his funeral.

Myth

There was no music at the funeral on 6 December at St. Stephen's: a short rite by the chapel. But on 10 December a memorial service was held at St. Michael's, arranged by Schikaneder, and the finished movements, the Introitus and Kyrie, were performed there. That is the first known performance of any part of the Requiem.

Source: Memorial plaque and records of St. Michael's, Vienna.

09/ 20The last weeks

Mozart was buried in a pauper's grave.

Myth

The burial was an ordinary third-class one under Emperor Joseph II's rules: no headstone, several bodies to a pit, no procession to the cemetery. Most Viennese were buried that way. Not a pauper's grave, but the site really was lost; the monument at St. Marx cemetery marks an approximate spot.

Source: St. Stephen's burial register; Braunbehrens, Mozart in Vienna.

10/ 20The manuscript

Where does Mozart's manuscript break off?

In the Lacrimosa, after bar eight, at the words 'judicandus homo reus'. Everything after is Süssmayr.

11/ 20The manuscript

The last thing Mozart wrote in the score was the Lacrimosa.

Not proven

Unknown. The Lacrimosa manuscript stops after bar eight, and it looks like an ending. But the Hostias is written out to the end, with 'Quam olim da capo' in the margin, and the order in which he worked on the movements is not documented. Either leaf could be the last.

Source: Autograph, Austrian National Library, Mus.Hs. 17561.

12/ 20The manuscript

What happened to the bottom right corner of the last Hostias page?

At the 1958 World's Fair in Brussels someone tore off the corner with the words 'Quam olim da Capo'. The piece was never found.

13/ 20The manuscript

Mozart's pupil finished the Requiem.

Fact

Constanze needed the fee, so the work had to be completed. She first turned to Joseph Eybler, who orchestrated part of the sequence and stopped. Then Franz Xaver Süssmayr, Mozart's twenty-five-year-old pupil and assistant, took over. He completed the Lacrimosa, wrote the Sanctus, Benedictus and Agnus Dei, and brought the opening music back for the ending.

Source: Süssmayr's letter to Breitkopf & Härtel, 1800.

14/ 20The manuscript

The score delivered to the patron carries Mozart's signature.

Fact

It does, but it is not his. The title page reads 'di me W. A. Mozart 1792': Süssmayr wrote the signature and the date in imitation of his teacher's hand, after Mozart's death. The patron was to receive a work by Mozart, and so he did.

Source: The delivery score; NMA critical report.

15/ 20The manuscript

When was the Requiem first performed in full?

On 2 January 1793 in Vienna, at a benefit concert for Constanze. Walsegg performed it as 'his own' only in December 1793.

16/ 20The manuscript

Count Walsegg performed the Requiem as his own work.

Fact

He did. He copied the score in his own hand and conducted it as its author in Wiener Neustadt on 14 December 1793. But the Requiem had already been heard earlier, on 2 January 1793 in Vienna, at a benefit concert for Constanze. Walsegg was neither the first nor the only one to hear it.

Source: Anton Herzog's memoir, 1839.

17/ 20The music

How many movements does the Requiem have in Süssmayr's version?

Fourteen movements in eight sections. Levin's edition adds a fifteenth, the 'Amen' fugue.

18/ 20The music

Which instruments are absent from the Requiem orchestra?

Flutes and oboes, the brightest of the woodwinds. Basset horns take their place, hence the dark sound.

19/ 20The music

What language is the Kyrie text in?

Greek: 'Kyrie eleison', 'Lord, have mercy'. It is the oldest layer of the liturgy, left untranslated.

20/ 20The music

What do the first and last movements have in common?

The Lux aeterna repeats the music of the Introitus and the Kyrie fugue note for note, with words about eternal light. The work closes into a circle.